作者：高苗 文章来源：互联网 发布时间：2013-01-16 查看：
2013年职称英语-基础班
英语基础知识
主讲人：高苗
从句
从句是句子的一个组成部分。按从句在句中所起的作用,可以归纳为三大类：
1. 名词性从句
从句的种类 2. 形容词性从句(定语从句)
3. 副词性从句(状语从句)
一、名词性从句
—— 在句中充当名词的作用
分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，和同位语从句
1. 主语从句
2. 表语从句
3. 宾语从句
4. 同位语从句
1. 主语从句
1) 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2) 构成：关联词+简单句
3) 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1)从属连词that
That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2)从属连词whether
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.
他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3)连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，
whoever，whatever，whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why.如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone.
这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home —— my only home.
你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。
注：
1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语
如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末：
常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词+ that 从句
(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，
funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.)
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组+ that 从句
(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity， no surprise，etc.)
It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.
我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词+that从句
(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，
announced，arranged，etc.)
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem，happen 等不及物动词及短语+that从句
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter(makes no difference，etc.)+连接代词或连接副词
引起的主语从句
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，
而把主语从句后置。
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?
下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?
他们明天不来很要紧吗?
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
孩子们这么安静真奇怪!
2. 注意连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever等引导主语从句的含义。
Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who)
来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right.(whatever=the thing that)
他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.
(whichever=anyone of you who)
你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖
2. 宾语从句
1) 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2) 构成：关联词+简单句。
3) 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1)从属连词that
He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。
注：
that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。
在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略)
2. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略)
3. That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
(that从句位于句首时，that不可省略)
(2)从属连词if/whether
I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，
whoever，whatever，whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why.
Who or what he was，Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.
我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。
3. 表语从句
1) 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2) 构成：关联词+简单句
3) 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1)从属连词that
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2)从属连词whether，as，as if
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们是否能帮我们。
(3)连接代词 who，whom，whose，what，which，
whoever，whatever，whichever
连接副词 where，when，how，why
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.
那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
4. 同位语从句
1) 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2) 用法：同位语从句的
先行词多为fact，news，idea，thought，question，
reply，report，remark等，
关联词多用从属连词that
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared
war on Russia.
德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：
同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who，which，what
连接副词where，when，why，how亦可引导同位语从句
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
二、定语从句
—— 由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，
其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，
所以又称为形容词性从句，
一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;
关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：
1. 引导定语从句;
2. 代替先行词;
3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。
由连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子
的主要部分(主句)，另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作
某个成分(如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语)。
在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词
或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。
定语从句还叫做嵌入句，因形容词作定语，所以又称之为形容词性从句。
定语从句的位置：通常在先行词(在主句中)后。
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who / that wants to see you ?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换)
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1) when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2) that代替关系副词可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，
在口语中that常被省略.
His gradepa died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他爷爷在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
1.限制性定语从句 — 修饰先行词
2.非限制性定语从句 — 修饰先行词+句子
注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开.
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的.
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理o史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,
这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
介词+which \ whom \ whose
可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，
该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，
或先行词的习惯搭配。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
(spend money / time on sth. )
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
( be familiar with sb. )
三、状语从句
—— 在句中起状语的作用
状语从句同状语一样，在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开。
若从句较短同时又与主句的关系十分紧密时，也可以不用逗号分开。
—— 状语从句根据其用途可以分为以下9种：
时间状语从句, 地点状语从句，原因状语从句，
目的状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，
方式状语从句，比较状语从句，条件状语从句。
1. 时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, every time, immediately,
no sooner … than…, hardly/ scarcely…when
A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity until her reaches the end of the story.
一个善于讲故事的人必须能够自始至终抓住听众的好奇心。
He made a mistake，but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.
他犯了错误，但没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。
I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw her.
我一见到她就把你欠她的钱给她。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
我一到家就开始下雨了。
2. 地点状语从句
常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有where，wherever等。
The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai. 那位著名的科学家在出生地长大，于1940年来到上海。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
3. 原因状语从句
常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有because，as，since等。
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, considering that
The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country.那位意大利男孩被看作是英雄，因为他为祖国献出了生命。
Now that you've got a chance，you might as well make full use of it.
既然你有机会，你最好充分利用它。
4. 目的状语从句
常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有that，so that，in order that，in case, lest等。从句的谓语常由"can/could，may/might +动词原形"构成。
Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report so that her boss could read it first the next morning.
Sally为完成报告一直工作到深夜，以便她老板第二天早上能第一个阅读它。
I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.
我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。
5. 结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有：that，so that(从句中不带情态动词)，so…that(如此……以致……)，such…that…(如此……以致……)。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走的时候如此匆忙，以致于我们忘记锁门了。
(such是形容词，后接名词短语)
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
这个村子太小，所以地图上没有。
(so是副词，后接形容词或副词短语)
6. 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while (一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as / though I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。
We'll have to finish the job，no matter how long it takes.
不管用多长时间，我们都要把工作做完。
7. 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if / though
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。
(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
I have made the change as you suggested.
我已经按你的建议进行了改变。
8. 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; A is to B what / as X is to Y
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
你越加锻炼，就会越加健康。
Air is to us as water is to fish.
我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。
9. 条件状语从句
常用来引导条件状语从句的关联词有 if，unless(除非)，
when(如果)，suppose，supposing，given that(假定，给出)，
on condition that，as/so long as等。
You will succeed in the end unless you give up halfway.
如果你不半途放弃，你最终会成功。
So far as I know(据我所知), he will be away for three months.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
As long as I live I'll study. 只要我还活着我就要学习。
从句
从句是句子的一个组成部分。按从句在句中所起的作用,可以归纳为三大类：
1. 名词性从句 (主/表/宾/同4种)
从句的种类 2. 形容词性从句(定语从句)(限制/非限制)
3. 副词性从句(状语从句) (9种)
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