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国和网校职称英语综合类基础班——第十七讲

作者:高苗     文章来源:互联网    发布时间:2013-01-16    查看:

  2013年职称英语-基础班

  英语基础知识

  主讲人:高苗

  


  


  主谓一致

  在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。

  1. 形式一致原则

  主谓一致 2. 意义一致原则

  3. 就近一致原则

  1.语法形式一致原则

  主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:

  主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;

  主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。

  Tom is a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。

  They often play football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。

  2.意义一致原则

  1) 主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。如:

  The crowd were shouting.

  The police are searching for the thief.

  单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle,等。

  2) 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:

  The news was so surprising.

  形式为复数,但意义为单数的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科

  名称,如physics,politics, economics等。

  3.就近一致原则

  即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

  如用连词or,either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等连接的并列主语,

  如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。

  Either you are mad, or I am.

  Either you or I am mad.

  不是你疯了,就是我疯了。

  Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.

  不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。

  There is a pen and some books on the desk.

  课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。

  主谓一致的应用

  一、 使用复数谓语动词的情况

  二、 使用单数谓语动词的情况

  三、使用就近原则的情况

  四、九种具体情况

  一、使用复数谓语动词的情况

  1. 由and, both…and…连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

  Both the teacher and the students are working hard. 老师和学生们都很努力。

  但当and 连接的两个名词指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,

  且第二个名词前没有冠词等限定词时;

  The knife and fork lies on the table. 刀叉放在桌子上。

  The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。

  (作家和教师指同一个人)

  The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。

  (作家和老师是两个人)

  2.“the+形容词或过去分词”指一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。

  The wounded were sent to the hospital at once.

  伤员立刻被送往医院。

  The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.

  3.the people/cattle/police作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。

  After hearing the news, the people present were all crying.

  听到这个消息后,在场的所有人都哭了。

  4. a variety of, a number of +名词复数,动词要用复数形式

  On exhibition there are a great variety of consumer goods.

  二、使用单数谓语动词的情况

  1.单数名词、不可数名词、不定代词,如something/somebody, everything/everybody, anything/anybody, nothing/nobody作主语时,

  谓语动词用单数形式。

  Anybody who breaks the law is to be punished.

  2.each, either, neither, another, the other 作主语,谓语动词用单数。

  Each of them has an English dictionary. 他们每人都有一本英语词典。

  Neither answer is correct. 两个答案都不正确。

  Each of us has his likes and dislikes.

  Neither of the books is very interesting.

  3. 不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。

  Looking after the baby is my job.

  What we need is more time.

  To see is to believe 眼见为实。

  Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.

  做眼睛保健操对你的眼睛十分有益。

  4. 学科名词,以­s结尾的单数名词,以­s结尾的书名、报纸杂志名、地方、组织名称作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如news, maths, physics等

  Physics is hard to study.

  No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。

  Maths is very popular in our class 在我们班数学很受欢迎。

  5. 单数名词+ with, along with,together with,as well as,rather than, as much as, but, except, besides, such as, like, including等作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。

  Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.

  Mike with his father has been to England.

  迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。

  Mike, like his brother, enjoys playing football

  迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。

  6. 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式,例如:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。

  A pair of shoes was on the desk.

  A series of taps has been prepared for language laboratory use.

  7. 表示时间,价格,重量,数目,长度,数学运算等的词或短语作主语时,这些通常作一个整体概念,谓语用单数形式。

  Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。

  Twenty pounds isn’t so heavy. 2 0磅并不太重。

  Ten miles isn’t a long distance. 1 0英里并不是一段很长的距离。

  Five minus four is one. 5减4等于1。

  Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book. 这本书20美元太贵了。

  Three years has passed since then. 已经过去3年了。

  三、使用就近原则的情况

  1. or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but连接两个主语时,谓语动词与靠近它的主语保持一致。

  Either the students or their teacher dislikes basketball,otherwise they would take part in the basketball match.

  Either my wife or I am going.

  Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer.

  Not only you but also he is ready to leave.

  Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.

  2. 以here,there开头的句子,若主语在两个或两个以上,谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致

  There is a book and three pens on the desk.

  Here are some books and paper for you.

  四、几个具体情况

  1.none作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式,也可用单数形式。

  None of this money is yours.

  None of these suggestions are very helpful.

  2.a number of+复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式,

  the number of+复数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。

  A number of students study at home nowadays on weekends.

  The number of students in my class is 63.

  3.one of+复数名词,后面跟定语从句时,谓语动词用复数形式,

  即与复数名词一致;the (only) one of+复数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,即与the (only) one一致。

  He is one of the students who are against the plan.

  The only one of the students who is to be punished is Tom.

  4.“some+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;

  some+单数名词作主语时,some意为“某个”,谓语动词用单数形式。

  Some student is on duty today.

  Some students in my class are very lazy.

  5.trousers, shoes, glasses, scissors等复数名词作主语时,

  谓语动词用复数形式,

  但a pair of…的结构作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  This pair of glasses is expensive.

  6.单复数同形的名词作主语

  单复数同形的名词作主语时,应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数,

  常见的这类名词有works(工厂),police(警察),sheep(绵羊),deer(鹿),fish(鱼),means(方法),species(种类),Chinese(中国人),Japanese(日本人);Swiss(瑞士人);series(系列)等

  Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.

  7.what / whoever / which引导的主语从句充当主语时,有时要看what / whoever / which所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。

  What he said is true.

  What we need are more volunteers.

  8. “分数(百分数)+of +名词”作主语时,谓语动词的形式要根据名词确定。

  One third of us are boys.

  Two fifths of water is clear.

  9.“more than one /many a +单数名词”作主语时,尽管其意义复数,但谓语动词还是用单数形式。

  More than one student has read the book.

  Many a girl has been there.

  Many a successful store has paid its rent cheerfully.

  许多成功的店铺都非常乐意地付了房租

  但是,“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如:

  More members than one are against your plan.

  主谓一致

  在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。

  1. 形式一致原则

  主谓一致 2. 意义一致原则

  3. 就近一致原则

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