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2016年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题及答案2

  第四部分:阅读理解

  不丹:幸福胜过财富 1)Bhutan-Where Happiness 2)Outranks Wealth

  What is happines

  really? In conventional development theory, it equals money and prosperity, as measured by 3)GNP (Gross National Product). But Bhutan, the famously remote and beautiful Buddhist kingdom in the Himalaya has been trying out a different concept. 4)Espoused by the country’s king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, its government has been using a standard called GNH, or Gross National Happiness. It has 5)underpinned the country’s approach to change and development.

  After centuries of self-imposed isolation, in 1961, Bhutan opened its doors to the world. The Bhutanese quickly learnt that in the pursuit of economic prosperity, many countries had lost their cultural identitie as well as their spirituality, and 6)compromised their environments. From a Buddhist perspective the burst of consumer-driven, economic growth, and consequently the explosion of affluence in industrialized nation had resulted in widespread spiritual poverty. It was a clear message to the Bhutanese that economic growth alone did not bring contentment.

  However, the government also knew that change was inevitable. So Bhutan had to come up with a different approach to development—something that would monitor and regulate the nature and pace of change without compromising the essence of its citizens’ well-being. Thu GNH was born. GNH, according to the Center of Bhutan Studies in the capital, Thimphu, is not against change. It 7)propounds development by balancing economic development, preservation of the environment, and religious-cultural heritage. The underlying message is that the country should not sacrifice elements important for people’s happiness to gain material development. In short, GNH 8)takes into account not just the flow of money, but also access to healthcare, free time with family, conservation of natural resource and other non-economic factors.

  到底什么是幸福呢?在常见的发展理论中,幸福等同于金钱与繁荣,是用GNP(国民生产总值)衡量的。但不丹,一个位于喜马拉雅山区,遥远而美丽的佛教国家,正尝试一种不同的幸福理念。在国王吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克的支持下,不丹政府采用了一种不同的标准来衡量幸福,叫GNH,即国民幸福总值,这一直是这个国家求变发展的基石。

  历经了几个世纪的自我封闭之后,在1961年,不丹终于向世界打开了大门。不丹人很快认识到,在追求经济繁荣的过程中,许多国家丧失了自己的文化身份以及精神特性,并牺牲了自己的环境。从佛教的角度来看,消费者驱动型经济的迅猛增长以及随之而产生的工业化国家中财富的膨胀都会造成普遍的精神贫乏。这让不丹人清楚地认识到,单纯的经济增长并不能带来满足感。

  虽然如此,不丹政府也清楚改变是不可避免的。因此不丹必须寻求一种不同的发展途径—— 一种能够监控及规范“变化”的本质和速度,而又不会牺牲其国民基本幸福的方式。GNH因此应运而生。据位于不丹首都廷布的不丹研究中心称,GNH与改变并不相斥,它提出发展必须在经济发展、保护环境及保存宗教文化遗产之间取得平衡。其中隐含的信息是,国家不应以牺牲那些对人们的幸福至关重要的东西来获取物质方面的发展。简而言之,GNH不但考虑资金流向,而且还顾及卫生保健、家人共处的休闲时间、保护自然资源以及其他非经济因素。

  In 1998, Bhutan’s Prime Minister, Jigmi Thinley, identified the “Four Pillars” of GNH, which today form the overall guiding principle for development in Bhutan. The first is sustainable and equitable socio-economic development. This stresses the improvement of physical, intellectual, social, and economic health through services such as health, education, trade and commerce, road and bridge construction, employment, urban development, and housing. As a result, education and health were provided free of cost to all Bhutanese even though the country was still poor. The second pillar is conservation of the environment. Only 16% of Bhutan’s land is 9)arable, so there is pressure to 10)fell trees and sell timber. But the law requires that the proportion of tree cover must not be less than 65%. At present about 72% of Bhutan is forest. The hydropower projects—main drivers of the country’s economy—are mostly “run-of-the-river” schemes which 11)pose far less impact on the environment, and far less human displacement, than would huge dams. The third pillar is preservation and promotion of culture. The Bhutanese government views this as a crucial strategy to preserve the country’s sovereignty. It has implemented policies that conserve and promote Bhutanese religion, language and literature, art and architecture, performing art national dres traditional 12)etiquette, and sports and recreation. For instance, the government requires all Bhutanese to wear traditional dress to office temple and official 13)functions. And the last pillar is good governance. The Bhutanese believe that good governance is vital for the happiness of the people.

  1998年,不丹总理吉格梅·廷里确立了GNH的“四大支柱”,这如今成为不丹发展的总指导方针。第一大支柱是社会经济的可持续、公平发展,强调通过诸如健康、教育、商业贸易、道路及桥梁建设、就业、城市发展和住房等服务来提高身体、智力、社会和经济的健康发展。因此,即使这个国家仍然很贫穷,但所有不丹人的教育及健康服务都是国家免费提供的。第二大支柱是环境保护。不丹只有16%的土地是可耕种的,这会迫使当地人通过砍伐树木和出售木材来谋生。但是该国法律要求树木的覆盖率不能低于65%。如今,不丹的森林覆盖率为72%。国家经济的主要驱动力——水力发电工程,大多数都是利用河流的天然动力,这些项目对环境的影响较少,并且比那些规模浩大的筑坝发电工程要造成少得多的人口迁徙。第三大支柱是文化的保护及推广。不丹政府认为这是维护国家主权的重要策略。国家实施了各种政策去保护及推广不丹的宗教、语言和文学、艺术和建筑、表演艺术、民族服饰、传统礼仪、运动和娱乐活动。例如,政府要求不丹人上班、去寺庙及出席官方活动时都要穿传统服装。最后一大支柱是良好的政府管治。不丹人坚信良好的管理对人们的幸福至关重要。

  While this novel approach to development is still very much a work in progres importantly, it is today serving as a 14)catalyst for broader discussions worldwide on happiness—15)stoking ideas about whether governments and peoples should accept happiness as a legitimate and measurable pursuit. Across the world an increasing number of bureaucrat economist corporate leader and social scientists are discussing the subject.

  “Happines as we learn in Buddhism, can only come from within the self, through the understanding of one’s own mind. So GNH is the responsibility of the state to create the right environment where the citizen can seek and find that happines ” said Kinley Dorji, editor-in-chief of Kuensel, Bhutan’s national newspaper.

  That said, GNH does not ignore economic development, according to the Center for Bhutan Studies. On the contrary, economic development planning is critical, but as only one means by which happiness should be achieved. Renata Dessallien, the Resident Coordinator for UN agencies in Bhutan, recently stated, “GNH 16)encapsulates both the quantity and quality of development or ‘progress’. 17)GDP is a quantitative measure only, measuring as it does both ‘goods and bads’. ” For example, Ms. Dessallien argued, “when a sick man receives medication and health care, the GDP increases whether the man recovers or not. But GNH is not only interesting because of its combination of the quantitative and the qualitative, it also conjures up deep philosophical questions on the essence of happiness. And it allows for a relative definition of happines

  according to each person’s perspective.”

  According to her, GNH could provide a practical alternative to the present global development 18)paradigm, which seems continually to confuse means with ends. Indeed, Bhutan has begun work to determine the statistical indicators and 19)indices to measure GNH. Nine 20)provisional GNH indicators have been identified: standard of living; health of population; education; vitality and diversity of ecosystem; cultural vitality and diversity; use and balance of time; good governance; community vitality; and emotional well-being. According to the head of the Center of Bhutan Studie

  Karma Ura, these indicators would be made meaningful in order to drive, guide, and evaluate the policie decision and performance of the government.

  Recently at the GNH international seminar held in 21)Nova Scotia, Canada, two American scientists asked if Bhutan was feeling the weight of the responsibility for GNH. Mr. Thinley—now home and culture minister—said that while Bhutan was under pressure to make GNH work domestically, it did not promise GNH as a solution or formula for everyone. “That will be your responsibility,” he said. “You will have to make GNH work your own way.”

  虽然这种新奇的发展形式仍然在发展当中,但重要的是,如今它已促使全世界的人对“幸福”有了更广泛的探讨——催生了新的想法,诸如政府及人民是否应该将幸福看作是一种合理且可衡量的追求。全球各国越来越多的官员、经济学家、企业领袖和社会学家们都在讨论这个话题。

  不丹官方报纸《Kuensel》的主编肯利·多吉说:“正如我们在佛教中学到的,幸福只能来自于人的内心,要通过了解自己的心灵而获得。因此GNH是国家的一种职责——去创造合适的环境,让人们找到那种幸福。”

  一方面是如此,可另一方面,据不丹研究中心称,GNH并没有忽视经济发展。相反,经济发展规划是关键的,但也只是作为人们获得幸福快乐的其中一种手段而已。最近,联合国机构常驻不丹的协调员丽娜塔·得萨里恩表示:“GNP囊括了发展或者说‘进步’的质与量,而GDP仅仅是一种量化标准,不管国家做得‘好与坏’都是如此进行测量。” 例如,“当一个病人接受药物治疗及健康保健,不管他是否康复,GDP都是增长的。但是GNH的有趣之处在于它不仅仅是一种定量和定性的结合,而且它还提出了对幸福本质深刻的哲学思考。并且根据每个人视角的不同,它允许有相对意义上的幸福。”得萨里恩女士解释道。

  据她所说,现有的经济发展模式一直将手段与目标混淆,而GNH能够为全球的经济发展模式提供一种实用的他选。事实上,不丹已经开始制定数据化的指标和指数来衡量GNH,并且已经暂定了9个GNH指标:生活水平、人口健康、教育、生态系统的活力和多样性、文化的活力和多样性、时间的使用和平衡、良好的管治、社会活力和心理健康。据不丹研究中心的负责人卡玛·乌拉称,为了推动、指导及评估政府的政策、决策及表现,这些指标意味深长。

  最近,在加拿大新斯科舍省举行的GNH国际论坛上,两个美国科学家问及不丹是否感觉到GNH的重大责任。现任不丹家庭及文化部长廷里先生表示,让GNH在国内发挥效用,不丹承受着一定的压力,同时,不丹并没有承诺GNH能够成为每个人获得幸福的方法或者公式。“那将是你们的责任,”他说,“你们得按自己的情况来利用好GNH。”

  第5部分:补全短文(第46~50题,每题2分,共10分)

  下面的短文有5处空白,短文后有6个句子,其中5个取自短文,请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置,以恢复文章面貌。

  The Mysteries of Nazca

  In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑) people for decades. (46) But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth.

  The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.

  Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. (47) However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys.

  In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings are a chronicle (记录) of the movement of the stars and planets. (48) later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space.

  Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It’s possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. (49) But the local people have never constructed anything this big.

  Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. (50)

  A. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.

  B. A Swiss writer named Erich Von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.

  C. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.

  D. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.

  E. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.

  F. He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”.

  46题【参考答案】:E

  47题【参考答案】:B

  48题【参考答案】:F

  49题【参考答案】:D

  50题【参考答案】:A

  第6部分:完形填空(第51—65题,每题1分,共15分)

  下面的短文有15处空白,请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

  Dreams【梦之闲话】

  Everyone can dream. Indeed, everyone does dream. Those who_________(51) that they never dream at all actually dream________(52) as frequently as the rest of us,________(53) they may not remember anything about it. Even those of us who are perfectly________(54) of dreaming night ________(55) night very seldom remember those dreams in________(56) detail but1 merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our ________(57) , so that we appear toexperience sound, touch, smell, and taste.

  One of the world's oldest________(58) written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams. This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can________(59) that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then. Many ancient civilisationsbelieved that you ________(60) never wake a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return_______(61) time if the sleeper were suddenly ________(62) Fromancient times to the present2________(63) , people have been________(64) attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance. There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation, although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream________(65) there are books.

  词汇:

  Frequently / 'fri:kw?ntli/ adv. 时常,屡次;频繁地,经常地

  Significance/ significance / n. 重要性,意义

  civilization / ,sivilai'zei??n, / n. 文明,文化

  interpret / in't?:prit / vt. 解释,说明 口译

  interpretation / in,t?:pri'tei??n / n. 解释,口译

  seldom/ 'seld?m / adv. 很少,不常

  retain/ ri'tein / vt. 保持;雇;记住

  注释:

  1. . . . very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture...

  . . but.. 不……而是……

  2. From ancient times to the present...从古至今……

  练习:

  1.A demand B promise C agree D claim

  2.A also B just C only D quite

  3.A though B besides C however D despite

  4.A familiar B accustomed C aware D used

  5.A after B on C through D over

  6.A great B high C strong D deep

  7.A feelings B emotions C impressions D senses

  8.A considered B known C regarded D estimated

  9.A see B feel C ensure D think

  10.A would B ought C should D need

  11.A by B in C with D for

  12.A awoke B awoken C awake D awaken

  13.A minute B hour C moment D day

  14.A doing B putting C making D taking

  15.A as B like C so D such

  答案与题解:

  1. D 这里是一个复合从句,缺的部分是带后边宾语从句的一个谓语成分。根据后边宾语从句的内容"never dream at all " ,可以判断此处应该是 claim ,声称。demand ,promise ,agree 都有后边的语义不符。-

  2. B as frequently as 已经表达了"同样"的意思,所以 also 不符合这一空。quite 不能用来修饰 as. . . as 这样的词组,而根据上下午的语境,这里应该是"刚好,恰恰”所以最佳答案是Just 。

  3. A 根据上下文的语-境,可以判断出这一空所衔接的前后两个句子有转折的关系,而且后一 句为条件,despite 与 though 都可以表示."虽然,尽管"的意思,但是 despite 是做介词是才有"虽然,尽管"的意思,此处缺的是一个连接词,所以只能用 though. .

  4. C 这四个选项中,只有 aware 可以与 of 搭配,策示"意识到',accustomed 通常与 to 搭配,表示习惯于,同样 used to 也表示习惯于。而 familiar 通常与 with 搭配,表示"对…熟悉"。 从语义与搭配两个层面来看,最合适的都是 aware.

  5. A night after night" 一夜又一夜",固定搭配。同样的结构还有 year after year ,day after day,week after week。相似的结构有 day by day ,"逐日,一天天";year by year ,"逐年,一年年.

  6. A 此处是在 in detail 这一表达当中增加了一个形容词,来表示细致的程度。high 表示高度的变化,strong 是强度,deep 是深度,用来表示细致都不合适。所以应该用 great ,in great detail ,表示细致入微,描述得淋漓尽致。

  7. D 从前边的 visual ,以及后边的 sound ,touch ,smell ,taste 这些可以看出,这里指的是人所有的各种感官的感觉。感官叫做 sense organ ,所以这种种的感觉通常都用 sense 来表示。

  8. B 根据上下文,可以发现此处是在描述一个事实。因此首先排除 estimated"估计",而这 本最古老的书是已经被认定过7的,所以 regard ,consider 都不合适,因此,最佳答案应该是 known ,目前所知的。

  9. A 此处是通过从前文所描述的这样一个事实,可以让我们认识到这个空后边所表达的内容。因此不是 feel ,think. 也不是让我们确认,而只是发现,所以也不是 ensured ,而应该是see。

  10. C 根据上下文的语境,可以判断出此处表达的是不能,不应叫醒睡梦中的人。首先排除 need ,另外 ought 通常跟 to 一块使用,所以也不可能。而 would 更 should 两者相比,后者的 程度更深,更符合这个语境。

  11. B 此处应该是及时的意思,in time ,固定搭配。

  12. B 此处考察的是被动语态,与动词 awake 的变形。这里是被叫醒,所以 A 和 C 都排除了, 表示被动态而且形式又正确的应该是 B awoken.

  13. D 这里表达的是从古到今的意思,通常都用笼统一些的概念,minute ,moment 表示的比较具体。所以用 day 比较合适。

  14. C 此处所表达的是人类一直在尝试,"尝试,试图"通常直接用 attempt to,或者用 make attempts to ,固定搭配。

  15. A as. .. as 句式,这里所表达的前后一样是指书的数目,与书中对梦解释的数目的一致性。

 

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